Coursework Blog Post 1

The URL of this Coursework Blog Post 1 is http://liudmilaestienne.blogspot.com/2011/10/coursework-blog-post-1.html

Public libraries AND/OR digital technologies?


Digital technologies have profoundly changed the internal organisation of public libraries, the format of services they offer to the public and the way they interact with users. Before the digital revolution, users used to come to libraries, whereas now libraries have to go to their users via information technologies such as the 24/7 online library services, Facebook and Twitter. Whilst the ultimate purpose of public libraries - the free provision of information to the widest possible public - remains unchanged, the way in which they fulfil that purpose has had to evolve dramatically to keep pace with the information environment in which they must now operate. The shift in focus from paper to digital information has enabled libraries to positively reshape and expand their relationship to the public and their role within the community, however this revolution has also brought enormous pressures. For example, in addition to printed collections, libraries nowadays purchase numerous and varied ranges of costly electronic subscriptions to online resources and update electronic facilities regularly, which represents a significant financial strain. This extensive expenditure is accompanied by the need to provide ever-larger study areas for the free internet service via which users access electronic reference material.

Because libraries are now spending so much on the electronic resources, they have to ensure that the public actively use them, for which two criteria need to be met: users need the technology to access the information, either from within the library or from home, and users need to be technologically literate to access the data they require.  The vast size and boundlessness of the web can restrict its usability insofar as advanced personal search and information management skills are increasingly required (Nielsen, 2006, p.xii).This means that instead of simply being repositories of books, libraries, through the efforts of librarians, now adopt a greater role in teaching essential lifelong skills to the public. Thus for truly modern libraries to operate efficiently, a new cadre of library professionals is required. Librarians must possess a stock of personal core theoretical and practical knowledge of the technology which must be continuously updated, and they are generally responsible for teaching the free IT courses which most public libraries now offer their users. The general public’s ever increasing expectations of what libraries can and should provide, and libraries’ own efforts to keep up with these expectations and technological advances, force public libraries into a potentially unending race which could ultimately pose an existential threat as local councils come under increasing financial pressure.

An example of the tremendous effect of digital technologies can be seen through the transformation of library automation systems. Current circulation systems based on relational databases have enabled libraries to develop into multifaceted entities, which can simultaneously process and perform various operations. Library databases contain a complex set of tables in which primary keys are unique identifiers of table rows and foreign keys allow relations to be created between tables. Database Management Systems enable administrators to design, maintain and modify a database. SQL is the language with specified syntax and semantics which is used by application programs or DBMS to communicate with databases. Administrators also define permission and levels of access to databases for users. For instance, librarians can insert new data in a database by creating new user accounts or item entries from their application programs, while library users’ application programs enable them to perform simple tasks such as borrowing or renewing material. In the library environment, a database is not only constantly viewed but also could be simultaneously updated by users, which may represent a challenge for the DBMS to ensure its data consistency (Connolly and Begg, 2010, p.574), without which libraries would be unable to operate smoothly.

The implementation of technologies in libraries took a cumbersome circulation routine away from specialists and enabled them to spend more time in assisting customers with their information needs. Despite the fact that a considerable part of web content has been thoroughly indexed by search engines, theoretically making it easier to retrieve required information, people nonetheless still seek assistance from library professionals. One reason for this is that technological development has engendered a gap between those who can afford the technology and people from disadvantaged backgrounds. And while those who do have access to technologies are considered to be more information literate than ever before, they in fact generally lack critical search and evaluation skills. This is partially due to the design of current search engines, which neither encourage users to develop advanced search skills or devise sophisticated queries (Morville and Rosenfeld, 2006, p.181), nor does their ranking by popularity foster users’ evaluation skills. A recent study by UCL's Centre for Information Behaviour and the Evaluation of Research (2008) describes users as ‘promiscuous,  diverse and volatile’ and their information seeking behaviour as ‘horizontal’ and ‘bouncing’ (CIBER, 2008, p.9) which compels libraries to reconsider and simplify access to their resources, as users are unlikely to spend extra time trying to locate them (CIBER, 2008, p.30). Hence, a significant number of general users still resort to librarians’ advanced knowledge of information retrieval and evaluation skills.

With the advance of information technologies, public libraries have to justify their worth as compared with other areas of the public sector. The real challenge for libraries is to market themselves effectively, which is necessitated by the fact that some commentators even question their very existence. The disappearance or downsizing of public libraries would have a detrimental effect on the community infrastructure, depriving those who need it the most of free access to information. Paradoxically, the digital technology which could render public libraries extinct has been shrewdly appropriated by them to provide an argument for their continued existence as they use it to enmesh themselves in the social fabric by supporting those who have been marginalised by the information revolution.   

References

Connolly, T.M. and Begg, C.E. (eds.) (2010) Database systems: a practical approach to design, implementation, and management. 5th ed. Boston, Mass.; London: Addison-Wesley.

Estienne, L. (2011) Liudmila Estienne. Available at:  http://www.student.city.ac.uk/~abkb636/index.html    
        (Accessed: 29 October 2011).

Morville, P. and Rosenfeld, L. (eds.) (2006) Information architecture for the World Wide Web. 3rd ed. Beijing; Farnham: O'Reilly.

Nielsen, J. (2006) Foreword. In Information architecture for the World Wide Web. 3rd ed. Beijing; Farnham: O'Reilly. pp.xi-xii.

CIBER (2008) Information behaviour of the researcher of the future. Available at: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/infostudies/research/ciber/downloads/ggexecutive.pdf (Accessed: 29 October 2011).

Databases and SQL.

The lecture notes equipped me with initial background knowledge about databases. A database contains a set of information which is organised in a structured way, making it accessible and manageable (Tech Target Inc, 2006).

There are different approaches to how to organise information in databases. The most efficient seems to be a relational database.  A relational database is a tabular database where information is organised in tables. Each table represents information about one item. Tables are connected together by keys. The primary key is a unique attribute assigned to a specific row in a table. The foreign key in a table represents a link to another table where this particular key is the primary key. The use of keys provides flexibility in updating and managing information in specific tables.   

SQL is a command language which enables databases to be created and updated as well as information to be retrieved from them.

As it was recommended in the “Resources” section, I started practical exercise by learning the basics of SQL  at  www.sqlcourse.com . The course is very well designed for those like me who are encountering databases for the first time.  I practised creating tables, inserting data, updating tables and producing queries.

Then it was time for serious stuff!

The first seven exercises were not easy (I made a lot of mistakes in syntax), but I understood pretty fast how SQL works.  

Then the fun started. From exercise number 8 onwards, I spent at least one hour on each query!

Finally,

I came up with productive queries.

8) The query       

select company_name,year_published,title from publishers,titles where year_published>1990 and title like '%programming%' and publishers.pubid=titles.pubid;

yielded 954 rows from the database.

9) The following query 

 select name, ISBN from publishers,titles where isbn='0-0280074-8-4' and publishers.pubid=titles.pubid;

came back with  ‘Glencoe’ as the publisher’s name.

10) After sweating for another hour, I came up with a query which produced 108 rows! All I needed was the author’s name, one and only one, not 108 rows of information. Back to work. My joins were definitely wrong.

I spent another hour trying to understand how it works and I got it. Me! Conclusion: everything is possible - even the impossible.

My last and most precious query

mysql> select title,title_author.isbn,authors.au_id,author from titles, title_author, authors where title="A beginner's Guide to Basic" and titles.isbn=title_author.isbn and title_author.au_id=authors.au_id;

returned a beautiful table:

+-----------------------------+---------------+-------+--------------------+

| title                       | isbn          | au_id | author             |

+-----------------------------+---------------+-------+--------------------+

| A Beginner's Guide to Basic | 0-0307445-1-2 |  3648 | Martin, Sherry J.  |

| A Beginner's Guide to Basic | 0-0307445-1-2 |  5027 | Parker, Charles S. |

+-----------------------------+---------------+-------+--------------------+

2 rows in set (0.02 sec)

There were actually two names instead of one.

This was hard! But I loved it.

 I had such a fabulous feeling of achievement.

References:

Tech Target Inc. (2006). Available at:  http://www.whatis.com/ (accessed: 10^th October 2011).

DITA Session 2

Things start getting clearer with the second dip into DITA. As it was known to many (I was not among those enlightened before Monday morning), the Internet and WWW are not the same thing, although the two terms are often used interchangeably.  
As it was explained during the lecture, WWW is a powerful and flexible service which operates on the Internet infrastructure.
The Internet divides computers into servers and clients. Clients send requests for information, interpret responses and display them in browsers. Server computers (much more powerful than clients) detect messages from clients, generate data which fulfil requests and send responses. At present the difference between server and client computers is fading, as the latter become more and more powerful.
Hypertext is a natural language text with linkages.
HTML is a mark up language which allows the use of hyperlinks.
Having no technical background doesn’t really help the learning process. However, it makes it more exciting!


Practical lab work.
The first task consisted of finding out the meaning of basic tags and the attributes that I can use with them.

1. Paragraphs are marked by  <p> Paragraph </p> tag.This tag may have following attributes: <class>  with class name value, <align>  attribute may have right, left, center, justify values.
2. Line break <br/>  is for a single line break, it is an empty tag meaning that there is no end tag. It can be used when writing the lines within limited space.
3. Horizontal rules  <hr> are used to divide page content into sections. Attributes: class, dir, id.
4. Tables <table>, <tr> table row, <th> table header where the element is centred and bold, <td> element is left-aligned.

          A table with two rows and two columns will look like this presented in HTML.

         <table border="1">

         <th>Month</th>

         <th> Number of students</th>

         <tr>

         </tr>

         <td> January</td>

         <td> 1228</td>

         </table>

          Attributes: align (to align content in the cell) – left, right, center, justify, char values

5. Meta Information <meta name=””>  contains meta elements such as author, keywords, description, date last modified, copyright. These elements are used to describe an HTML document to a browser.                                                                             
6. Unordered lists <ul> </ul> -bulleted or marked with other symbols.
7. Ordered lists <ol type=””> <li></li> </ol>- numbered lists.

2.1 I’ve tried two HTML editors. One at home: Coffee Cup is a simple, user-friendly and well-organised editor. It was my first experience ever with HTML. After sweating for couple of hours, I managed to create an extremely basic HTML document.
The second editor I tried was EditPlus in the lab. I created three different HTML  files called first.html, index.html and myuni.html. If I understand correctly these will be three pages of my personal website. The index.html is a main file which works as a cover sheet for other HTML documents. I also managed to mutually link all three files with anchor tag.


2.2 The following task was to apply CSS to the HTML files. CSS are used to separate content and presentation. Each style sheet contains rules that determine the appearance of the elements in HTML documents (in simpler terms how it will look in the browser). Each rule has a selector, an element of an HTML document which is affected (i.e. H1, p, body) and the declaration in {color: red;}. The style sheet can be inserted into the HTML document directly with <style> tag or a link can be generated to a .css file within a <head> part of the document. Linking a style sheet to an HTML document makes it smaller and faster to download by browsers. It is to be remembered that an HTML document should remain presentable when opened without style sheets.  
I created my own style sheet which I called my myfirstcss.css
p {font-size: 20px; }
p {text-indent: 20px;}
h1 {font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; color: ‘#ff0080; }  

body {font-family: arial; background-color:#Gray;}
I haven’t linked it to my HTML files yet.


2.3 In the last exercise I had to publish my HTML documents making them part of WWW.
This was achieved by copying all content of my session2 folder (HTML documents +images) to the City University Web Server. It happened so quickly that I am unsure how it really worked.
Reflections:
HTML is the language which defines how documents must be interpreted by a browser. Different browsers may interpret styles and mark-up elements in a slightly different way. CSS are extremely useful when applying a style to an HTML document. An HTML document is easier to write and read when its style is defined by a link to CSS. CSS may provide either consistency of style to all HTML documents of a web site or differentiate styles. It is also possible to apply specific CSS to the browser settings, instructing the browser what style to use when displaying a webpage for viewing.  This function is useful when adapting web pages for visually-impaired or colour-blind people.